Proof of Work и Proof of Stake: разбираемся в чем отличия и особенности двух алгоритмов подтверждения

Напомним, сеть Ethereum халвинг начала работу на основе механизма консенсуса Доказательства доли владения 15 сентября 2022 года. В тот момент, когда пользователю удается подделать блок, остальная часть сети проверяет подлинность блока. Если это так, пользователь получает обратно заблокированную криптовалюту вместе с вознаграждением. В майнинге PoS этим вознаграждением обычно являются транзакционные сборы сети, которые добавляются к основной доле. Как вы наверняка помните, до перехода на PoS Эфириум был главной криптовалютой для майнеров — причём с точки зрения как популярности, так и доходности.

Что такое Proof of Stake (PoS): обзор, стейкинг, сравнение с PoW

алгоритм proof of stake

Самыми известными примерами можно назвать Litecoin, Dogecoin и Monero. Именно поэтому Ethereum внедрил свой протокол Casper, который позволил ему перейти от системы Proof of Work к механизму Proof of Stake. Первоначально называвшаяся Matic Network, компания Polygon была разработана для обеспечения поддержки масштабирования пруф оф ворк блокчейна Ethereum. Она была создана в 2017 году, чтобы сделать Ethereum полностью многоцепочечной системой.

Какие существуют алгоритмы консенсуса

Она использовала собственный протокол под названием Snow, а также подсети для достижения высокой скорости транзакций и низкой задержки при сохранении масштабируемости. В майнинге PoS большинство сетей устанавливают минимальную сумму, превышающую стоимость вознаграждения за блоки. Таким образом, вознаграждение за мошенничество очень мало, в то время как ценность риска очень велика.

алгоритм proof of stake

Как выбрать лучшую криптовалюту для майнинга?

Для этого они должны использовать свои закрытые ключи, доказывая свое участие (отсюда и название) количеством предложенных биткоинов. Согласно отчету Global Bitcoin Mining Data, в первом полугодии 2021 года для майнинга биткоина использовались преимущественно возобновляемые источники энергии. Фактически сеть Bitcoin потребляет только 0.122% мировой энергии.

алгоритм proof of stake

С другой стороны, такие пулы меньше всего заинтересованы в том, чтобы скомпрометировать сеть, ведь они вкладываются в неё больше всего. Модель PoW требует значительных затрат на майнинг, что позволяет при ее использовании обеспечить более децентрализованную структуру. Сетью владеют и управляют тысячи нод по всему миру, образуя децентрализованную и защищенную систему. Хотя атака 51% при алгоритме PoW выглядит как нечто из области фантастики, объединение крупнейших пулов биткоин-майнеров могло бы дать им необходимое большинство.

PoS — это механизм майнинга токенов, при котором вероятность формирования нового блока зависит от количества криптовалюты на счету участника. Чем больше у пользователя эфиров, тем выше шанс, что именно он сформирует новый блок и получит награду за это. Сейчас преобладающим механизмом этого подтверждения являетсяProof-of-Work (PoW) – «доказательство выполнения работы».

  • Попробуем разобраться, что это такое и насколько это явление распространено.
  • Кроме того, со временем в Proof of Stake увидели ряд других преимуществ, например, снижение потребления электроэнергии и большая выгода в сетях блокчейна, где все монеты уже сгенерированы.
  • Награды за майнинг биткоина высоки, что стимулирует майнеров искать альтернативные источники энергии.
  • Эта “работа” сводится к поиску числа nonce, которое, будучи добавленным к данным блока, дает хеш, начинающийся с определенного количества нулей.

Идея PoW была впервые предложена в 1993 году Мони Наором и Синтией Дворк как механизм для борьбы с DoS-атаками и спамом. Халвинг — это плановое сокращение вознаграждения за майнинг биткоина. Этот процесс называется стейкингом — альтернативной добычей монет. Пользователю не нужно покупать дорогое оборудование для открытия блоков, при этом можно использовать услуги сторонних валидаторов. Указанные ставки позволяют рассчитать доходность, но есть и сложности. В классическом CoA за генерацию блоков в конечном счете отвечает один участник, тогда как в гибридном формате это может быть группа пользователей.

Однако нет понимания в определении этих понятий, а также о том, почему «майнеры» скупают современные видеокарты создавая дефицит на рынке и создают специальные «фермы». В человеческом обществе всегда большинство составляют те, кто зарабатывает на жизнь честным трудом. К сожалению, существуют и великие комбинаторы, знающие множество способов отъема денег у тех, кто скопил их слишком много. Очевидно, что появление криптовалют и возможность добывать их на компьютерах не остались без внимания непорядочных людей.

Ведь для успешной реализации «атаки 51 процента» нужно собрать сумму, превышающую половину общей капитализации блокчейна. Впрочем, столь эффективные системы всё ещё находятся в процессе тестирования для работы в особо крупных масштабах. При большом количестве транзакций валидаторов с большИм залогом сеть «назначает» на проверку большего количества блоков. А награда распределяется пропорционально количеству завалидированных блоков. Особенность хэша в его асимметрии — он достаточно сложен для нахождения майнеру, но прост для проверки остальным участникам сети на соответствие.

Процедура по алгоритму Proof-of-Stake доступна всем пользователям. Например, для стейкинга BNB на бирже Binance нет ограничений по минимальной сумме. Новый алгоритм Proof-of-Stake нельзя назвать панацеей для рынка виртуальных валют.

Этот метод был предложен Дэном Ларимером в 2014 году и используется в таких проектах, как EOS и BitShares. Впервые идея перевода сети Dogecoin на PoS всплыла ещё в 2014 году у сооснователя блокчейна Cosmos Дже Квона. По словам Лоддера, в тот раз разработчики сошлись во мнении, что это будет «слишком сложно для пользователей и разработчиков». В целом дискуссия отошла на второй план, но так и не прекращалась.

алгоритм proof of stake

Основная идея PoS заключается в выборе валидаторов на основе их доли в сети для проверки блоков транзакций. Proof of Work (PoW) — это один из первых и наиболее известных алгоритмов консенсуса, используемый в таких криптовалютах, как Bitcoin и Ethereum (до перехода на PoS). В основе PoW лежит решение сложных математических задач, требующих значительных вычислительных ресурсов. Этот метод был предложен Сатоши Накамото в 2008 году и стал основой для первой криптовалюты — Биткоина. Процесса, в ходе которого узлы должны решать частично криптографические, частично – математические задачи для подтверждения достоверности нового добытого блока. Вот только это требует довольно мощных аппаратных устройств ASIC, которые доступны далеко не всякому.

Он основан на специальном механизме, предусматривающем определение списка пользователей сети, имеющих возможность добавлять в блокчейны новые блоки. Взамен этого участники конкретной сети получают возможность взимать комиссионный сбор за любую транзакцию, проводимую в конкретном блоке. При этом учётная запись, имеющая наивысший параметр «важности», получает привилегии выбора её для осуществления блочных сборов. При этом ведущий представитель (набравший в голосовании больше всех голосов) может осуществлять проверку финансовых операций других участников.

Одним из основных отличий различных криптовалютных сетей является тип используемых алгоритмов консенсуса. Консенсус в блокчейне представляет собой процесс, при котором достигается согласие — десятки и сотни узлов (нод) системы должны утвердить как верное единственное решение. Если консенсус достигнут — результаты операции фиксируются в блокчейне. В комьюнити любителей криптовалюты Dogecoin ведутся горячие дискуссии о возможном переводе проекта на алгоритм консенсуса Proof-of-Stake (PoS). В целом у инициативы есть как противники, так и сторонники, однако как минимум пока большинство предварительно выступает против возможного апгрейда проекта.

Но если пользователь хочет вывести из стака монеты и заработанное вознаграждение, то сразу он не сможет этого сделать. Потому как сеть должна проверить добавленные им блоки, чтобы убедиться, что они достоверны. Валидаторы, успешно создающие блоки, получают награды в виде транзакционных сборов или выпуска новых монет. Однако, если валидаторы неправильно действуют или не соблюдают правила сети, они могут быть подвергнуты штрафам, включая потерю стейка. В PoW майнеры выступают в качестве узлов — они проверяют и подтверждают транзакции. Участники собираются в один пул, чтобы увеличить шансы на нахождение блока и получение вознаграждения.

Чтобы избежать подобных недостатков, криптовалюты переводят на протокол Proof-of-Stake (PoS). Это альтернативный способ подтверждения выполненной работы, в котором вместо оборудования для майнинга используются цифровые активы. При PoW от каждого пользователя, который принимает участие в подтверждении, требуется доказательство выполненных вычислительных операций — это предотвращает спамерские и DoS-атаки на сети. Получается, что майнеры конкурируют за создание последующих блоков транзакций. Майнеру-победителю начисляется награда в виде криптовалютных токенов, за то что он потратил на поиски решения свои ресурсы.

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Then you can find more tumor patients for Dr. Du. Don t do it. It s too obvious, so let Xiao Cao and others learn the essence of that prescription as much as possible.Du Heng shouted from the opposite side, I ll go, put him down.

At the same time, Du Heng started to take off his clothes.Cao Binghe was originally going to pick up Du Heng, but Du Heng had already arrived at his office early.

Du Heng curled his lips, Wu Buwei explained that it would not be easy to bring out the students, Put it simply.They don t care about spending more money, they just want time.

A mark that won t go away. If they really hit someone with a hoe, it would be hard for you to see them unless they were forced to a certain extent.Taking advantage of the gap after Lan Changhua finished speaking, he quickly asked, Doctor Du, according to the time schedule you mentioned, this patient will need to take Three to Unlock Your Potential: Is Natural Penis Enlargement Within Reach? four Unleash Your Confidence: How to Find the Best Penis Pills months for treatment Du Heng nodded, That s indeed the Boost Your Confidence: How Vigor Long Male Enhancement Can Help plan.

Today, he really had no intention of saving face for Is the Hype Real? Unpacking Whether Pen Enlargment Pills Actually Work Qi Gang.Liang Lihai, who Taking Back Your Confidence: What to Know About Penus Enlargement Procedure was next to him, felt that what he said was a bit exaggerated, and quickly teased the speaker secretly, It s such a good wine.

Zhu Heizi was hit by a truck. Now he can t move his legs.With a calculation in mind, Du Heng began to give instructions, Buwei, make a special soup to save the heart, add ephedra. Wu Buwei quickly memorized the prescription Du Heng read out, while the others stood there blankly. When Du Heng finished speaking, Wu Buwei took a look at the prescription and said, Brother, how should I prescribe the dosage of this extraordinary heart saving soup Should I follow Li Beyond the Pump: Uncovering the Secrets of Spartan Gas Station Qiuhua s prescription Du Heng looked at the patient on the bed and pondered for a moment.

It is seen outside of Yang. When Qi is strong, Yang is strong, and when Yang is strong, Qi circulates and blood flows.There is an uproar all over the place. The towns of dung sieves need bricks and mortars.

But after you adjust it, and Cui Guanghai also took Boost Your Drive: What to Know About Male Performance Supplements a breath.Xiao Heng, what s wrong with you Zhang Sumei waved her hand carefully in front of Du Heng s eyes, hoping to attract Du Heng s attention.

That thing, now that Xiao Liu and a newcomer are involved, only Yu Haiting can figure it out.After receiving a response, Du Heng drove to Province One.

When Du Heng s back Is It All Worth It? Decoding the Side Effects of Male Enhancement Pills disappeared and the footsteps were no longer heard, the new guy took a deep breath.He shouldn t have had hope in this woman s unique brain circuit.

Let s go. Okay, wait for me, I ll be there soon. After hanging up the phone, Du Heng said goodbye to Liang Lihai and others, went into the house to get his coat and car keys, and then quickly left the house.But when it comes to treating diseases, he is completely inferior to those of the same age group.

Wu Shengnan s father looked back at his daughter on the hospital bed again, then turned around and walked out.Ignore them, uncle will help you get rid of these fluffs, and then you can go to school happily, okay The child looked at Du Heng intently, and then nodded.

As expected, Du Heng licked his lips. He didn t know whether the teaching model of modern Chinese medicine would be good or bad for future development, but judging from his own work experience, if a Chinese medicine doctor abandons acupuncture as a treatment method, or acupuncture cannot be consistent with his own dialectical treatment Combination is equivalent to lame one leg.

The patient s family members were even more puzzled, That s not right.However, he was speechless when he received the reply.

But Du Heng wasn t going to test it, and of course he couldn t test it, otherwise he would probably get his head smashed.He trembled Ignite the Spark: Unlock Your Confidence with a Sex Drive Pill twice and wanted Is It Real? Debunking Myths and Discovering Your Best Penile Size to get angry, but suppressed it.

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Okay, okay.Tan Su rolled her eyes at her younger brother before continuing Sister knows that she is a fairy like figure, as The Art of the Bump: Mastering the Dick Ups Technique long as you two like each other, it s okay for master and apprentice to fall in love with sister, but at home Over there.If they are too strong, following them is like putting an untimely devil egg.

Under this natural force, the scarlet blood colored hole began to burst from the inside.Just as she was about to stand up, three thunderbolts fell from above her head out of thin air, and she lost consciousness in a moment.

To make the gathering of spiritual power successful, the magic energy can be pulled out of the body.As the sound of the piano approached, the scarlet color in Gu Jia s eyes became more and more apparent Ignite the Spark: Unpacking the Benefits of Sexual Stimulant at the moment, and even ordinary people could see some scarlet meaning.

Leaving aside the costumes, the cool charm in the master s eyebrows and eyes was also expressed by the sculptor.After finishing speaking, he leaned down slightly.Since he was already tall, and because he was standing on the Rev Up Your Confidence: Explore Penile Enlargement Treatments upper step at the moment, this bending down almost directly covered the body below him completely.

When Tan Su Unlock Your Potential: A Guide to Penning Growth Cream detected the spirit veins earlier, there was obviously very little demon hostility in the young man s body, but now under the cleansing technique, more hostility was born in his spirit veins, and it was pouring into his own spirit veins.Meng Xun didn t understand, thinking that Master Curious About Penile Enlargement? Let’s Break Down the Questions had agreed to visit Qin s and Yan er s homes long ago.

Her face was completely exposed in front Unleash Your Potential: A Guide to a Bigger Bedroom (and Maybe More!) of his eyes.After a while, there was the sound of the door being pushed open.

If you say it now, what kind of expression will Master have Surprised move sad No, these are not what Master looks like.He stretched out his hand hard, but couldn t move.He glanced at Tan Su again, this kid was merciless, and the spiritual power he used made his wrist ache a little.

As he Unlock Your Potential: Is the 'Best Penis Pill' Right for You? spoke, an elder went up to greet him.He recognized the costumes, the costumes of the inner sect disciples of Gufan Mountain, at the moment they can still offend Reignite the Spark: A Deep Dive into Magnum Male Sexual Enhancement one or the other of the Zeyang faction, let s send him off the boat first.The noodles are the best noodles brought in, Boost Your Confidence: Explore Proven Ways to Enhance Your Penile Size and the cook is also the best cook that can be hired.

As she said that, Su Yan er turned her head slightly and smiled at the elder brother Tan Su Eldest brother, welcome us Are you going to visit your house Before Qin Su could say anything, seven people fell from the sky and landed in front of them.Seeing that she was going to leave, she couldn t help muttering Girl, you are still as beautiful as before.

Yu Liao got up following the strength of Tan Su s hand, and she leaned back to lean on his arm.What is hidden in this town The stage has been set up, and it is estimated that some actors will appear on stage one after another.

With the memories of the previous life, Yu Liao also knew that his elder brother in Gufan Mountain had a lot of tricks and tricks for him, so he just said the words and deliberately warned these disciples.However, in the past three days, more and more children Unleash Your Inner Spark: A Deep Dive into Vigor Force in the town were missing, and the whole town Battle the Deadline: How DDL Surgery Can Save Your Projects began to panic.

The Taoist priest stroked his beard, and the guard on his face eased a little.He looked at Gu Jia, glanced at the blood in his eyes, and said with a cold snort Gu Jia, don t pretend to be a pure avenger in front of the master.

It can be said that Chongyan represents the old devil.Seeing Unlock Your Potential: Natural Ways to Increase Penile Size that repeated Boost Your Confidence: Natural Ways to Get Thicker Penis Boost Your Confidence: Exploring the Benefits of Penile Enlargement Capsules begging for mercy was ineffective, she had no choice but to stretch out her hands and push her, trying to use some weak spiritual power to avoid the ominous creature below.

They didn t expect someone to draw the number corresponding Boost Your Nights: A Guide to Over-the-Counter Viagra at CVS to Qin Su so soon.Yu Liao glanced at the opposite side of the vines that were rapidly approaching him, this time it was no longer the two or three vines before, he Unlock the Secret: What's the Jelqing Meaning? was trying to gather all the spiritual power to come towards her.

Gathering on her body, Tan Su, who was half a step behind her, glanced at Gu Jia under her words, and subconsciously clenched the hands beside her.The two stopped and walked, and they arrived at their destination when the dusk merged.